Table 1 Child poverty by demographic characteristics of participants at baseline (N = 3459)

Sex

Boy

1,749 (50.6%)

1,335 (50.1%)

414 (52.0%)

0.352

Girl

1,710 (49.4%)

1,328 (49.9%)

382 (48.0%)

Toothbrushing frequency

less than twice a day toothbrushing

777 (22.5%)

549 (20.6%)

228 (28.6%)

< 0.001

twice or more a day toothbrushing

2,682 (77.5%)

2,114 (79.4%)

568 (71.4%)

Number of parents living at home

Two parents

3,152 (91.1%)

2,563 (96.2%)

589 (74.0%)

< 0.001

One parent

281 (8.1%)

85 (3.2%)

196 (24.6%)

No parents

26 (0.8%)

15 (0.6%)

11 (1.4%)

Number of grandparents living at home

No grandparents

3,095 (89.5%)

2,407 (90.4%)

688 (86.4%)

0.002

One grandparent

204 (5.9%)

137 (5.1%)

67 (8.4%)

Two + grandparents

160 (4.6%)

119 (4.5%)

41 (5.2%)

Number of children in the household

One child

700 (20.2%)

541 (20.3%)

159 (20.0%)

< 0.001

Two children

1,827 (52.8%)

1,479 (55.5%)

348 (43.7%)

Three children

757 (21.9%)

541 (20.3%)

216 (27.1%)

Four+

175 (5.1%)

102 (3.8%)

73 (9.2%)

Maternal age

< 30

160 (4.6%)

76 (2.9%)

84 (10.6%)

< 0.001

30–34

594 (17.2%)

421 (15.8%)

173 (21.7%)

35–39

1,218 (35.2%)

961 (36.1%)

257 (32.3%)

40–44

1,117 (32.3%)

909 (34.1%)

208 (26.1%)

45+

249 (7.2%)

192 (7.2%)

57 (7.2%)

Missing

121 (3.5%)

104 (3.9%)

17 (2.1%)

Maternal education

Less than high school

1,128 (32.6%)

741 (27.8%)

387 (48.6%)

< 0.001

Junior college or technical school

1,334 (38.6%)

1,083 (40.7%)

251 (31.5%)

University or more

642 (18.6%)

575 (21.6%)

67 (8.4%)

Others

22 (0.6%)

10 (0.4%)

12 (1.5%)

Missing

333 (9.6%)

254 (9.5%)

79 (9.9%)

Maternal employment

Yes

2,209 (63.9%)

1,639 (61.6%)

570 (71.6%)

< 0.001

No

1,206 (34.9%)

994 (37.3%)

212 (26.6%)

Missing

44 (1.3%)

30 (1.1%)

14 (1.8%)

Maternal mental condition

K6: <5

2,483 (71.8%)

2,025 (76.0%)

458 (57.5%)

< 0.001

K6: 5+

956 (27.6%)

625 (23.5%)

331 (41.6%)

Missing

20 (0.6%)

13 (0.5%)

7 ( 0.9%)