Table 2 JBI critical appraisal checklist for: a) case control , b) cohort study ,c) non-randomized controlled trials

a) JBI for case control

Cozza et al. 2004 [17]

1. Were the groups comparable other than the presence of disease in cases or the absence of disease in controls?

Y

2. Were cases and controls matched appropriately?

N

3. Were the same criteria used for identification of cases and controls?

N

4. Was exposure measured in a standard, valid and reliable way?

Y

5. Was exposure measured in the same way for cases and controls?

Y

6. Were confounding factors identified?

Y

7. Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated?

N

8. Were outcomes assessed in a standard, valid and reliable way for cases and controls?

Y

9. Was the exposure period of interest long enough to be meaningful?

NA

10. Was appropriate statistical analysis used?

Y

b) JBI for cohort study

Remy et al. 2022 [18]

1. Were the two groups similar and recruited from the same population?

Y

2. Were the exposures measured similarly to assign people to both exposed and unexposed groups?

U

3. Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way?

Y

4. Were confounding factors identified?

U

5. Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated?

N

6. Were the groups/participants free of the outcome at the start of the study (or at the moment of exposure)?

N

7. Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way?

N

8. Was the follow up time reported and sufficient to be long enough for outcomes to occur?

Y

9. Was follow up complete, and if not, were the reasons to loss to follow up described and explored?

Y

10. Were strategies to address incomplete follow up utilized?

NA

11. Was appropriate statistical analysis used?

Y

c) JBI for NRCT (prospective)

YuJiaying 2020 [21]

Schütz et al. 2011 [16]

Zreaqat 2023 [19]

Mastud 2024 [20]

1. Is it clear in the study what is the ‘cause’ and what is the ‘effect’ (i.e. there is no confusion about which variable comes first)?

Y

Y

Y

Y

2. Were the participants included in any comparisons similar?

Y

U

Y

N

3. Were the participants included in any comparisons receiving similar treatment/care, other than the exposure or intervention of interest?

Y

N

N

N

4. Was there a control group?

Y

N

Y

N

5. Were there multiple measurements of the outcome both pre and post the intervention/exposure?

Y

Y

Y

Y

6. Was follow up complete and if not, were differences between groups in terms of their follow up adequately described and analyzed?

N

N

N

N

7. Were the outcomes of participants included in any comparisons measured in the same way?

Y

Y

Y

Y

8. Were outcomes measured in a reliable way?

N

N

Y

Y

9. Was appropriate statistical analysis used?

Y

Y

Y

Y