Table 2 Comparison of family function of families of patients with cleft lip and/or palate with Chinese norm (n = 248)

Cohesion

7.70 ± 1.82

7.7 ± 1.9

−0.210 

0.983

Expressiveness

5.55 ± 1.58

5.8 ± 1.7

−2.510 

0.013^*

Conflict

2.51 ± 2.05

2.2 ± 1.9

2.400

0.017^*

Independence

5.64 ± 1.24

5.8 ± 1.4

−2.070 

0.039^*

Achievement orientation

5.11 ± 1.39

6.8 ± 1.7

−19.143 

< 0.001^***

Intellectual-cultural orientation

4.35 ± 2.10

5.6 ± 2.1

−9.331 

< 0.001^***

Active-recreational orientation

3.96 ± 2.56

4.9 ± 2.0

−5.810 

< 0.001^***

Moral-religious emphasis

6.57 ± 1.67

5.3 ± 1.4

12.037

< 0.001^***

Organization

5.81 ± 1.73

6.7 ± 1.8

−8.048 

< 0.001^***

Control

4.00 ± 2.06

3.6 ± 1.8

3.087

0.002^**