Table 6 Standardized path coefficient

optimism → perceived social support

0.155

0.008

optimism → hope

0.376

< 0.001

optimism → parenting stress

−0.165 

0.003

hope → perceived social support

0.432

< 0.001

hope → resilience

0.375

< 0.001

hope → coping

0.313

< 0.001

hope → parenting stress

−0.318 

< 0.001

perceived social support → resilience

0.213

< 0.001

perceived social support → coping

0.169

0.008

perceived social support → parenting stress

−0.191 

0.001

resilience → coping

0.170

0.007

coping → parenting stress

−0.144 

0.014

parenting stress → family function

−0.384 

< 0.001

perceived social support → family function

0.186

0.007