Fig. 2

Results of meta-analysis on Sensitivity and Specificity of the deep learning models for assessment of CVM, and the Hierarchical Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic (HSROC) curve. Each “study estimate” is shown as a data point, representing sensitivity, specificity, and sample size. The "Summary point" displays the pooled sensitivity and specificity from all studies. The "95% confidence region" indicates the expected location of the pooled summary point with 95% certainty, while the "95% prediction region" forecasts sensitivity and specificity ranges for future studies. Pictures “a” to “f” refer to CS1 to CS6 respectively. The beta parameter was significant in CS5(p = 0.013) and CS6(p = 0.016) showing heterogenicity among included studies for these stages