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Efficacy of ozone therapy in dentistry with approach of healing, pain management, and therapeutic outcomes: a systematic review of clinical trials

BMC Oral Health volume 25, Article number: 433 (2025) Cite this article

Abstract

Ozone therapy has emerged as a promising treatment modality in dentistry due to its antimicrobial and healing properties. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the recent clinical trials on ozone therapy in dentistry and its impact on therapeutic outcomes. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus from January 2018 to December 2024, identifying studies that investigated the use of ozone in dental applications. The findings demonstrated that ozone therapy is effective in improving periodontal health, healing soft tissue after dental implant surgery, and reducing postoperative discomfort. The combination of scaling and root planing with gaseous ozone therapy showed superior periodontal response rates. The use of ozone during endodontics procedures resulted in reduced post-treatment pain, while ozonated materials showed promise in the management of dentinal hypersensitivity. However, it is not recommended in restorative dentistry due to potential adverse effects on dentinal bond strength. The findings of this systematic review supported the integration of ozone therapy into dentistry as an adjunctive therapy. More research is needed to elucidate its mechanisms, optimize application techniques, and evaluate long-term outcomes for patient safety and treatment effectiveness.

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Introduction

Ozone (O3) is a triatomic molecule that has attracted attention in various fields due to its strong oxidizing properties and effective antimicrobial effect [1, 2]. The use of ozone in dentistry is particularly compelling, as dental practices are continuously seeking innovative solutions to improve oral health outcomes [3, 4]. Given the increasing prevalence of dental diseases worldwide, there is an urgent need to investigate adjunctive therapies such as ozone for more effective treatment and prevention strategies [5, 6].

Ozone has strong oxidizing properties that enable it to effectively disrupt microbial cell walls, thereby reducing microbial load and promoting tissue regeneration [2, 7]. This distinguishes it from traditional antimicrobial agents such as chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite, which, while effective, have limitations in spectrum of action and potential adverse effects [8,9,10].

Chlorhexidine, a widely used antiseptic in dentistry, is known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. However, it has been associated with side effects such as tooth staining, altered taste perception, and potential cytotoxicity at higher concentrations [11, 12]. While hydrogen peroxide is the most commonly used oxidant, ozone is emerging as a viable alternative due to its distinct properties, including its ability to penetrate biofilms and provide a broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect [13, 14].

Sodium hypochlorite, commonly used as a root canal irrigator, is effective in eliminating bacteria from root canals but can be irritating to surrounding tissues and has limited efficacy in certain biofilm scenarios [15,16,17]. In contrast, ozone therapy not only exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, but also promotes soft tissue healing by increasing oxygenation, increasing blood flow, and stimulating fibroblast activity. This multifaceted action makes ozone a compelling alternative or complement to traditional agents [18, 19].

Furthermore, the integration of ozone therapy into standard clinical protocols represents a significant advance in dental practice. Its application can be tailored to different clinical scenarios, including periodontal therapy, root canal therapy, and wound healing after surgical interventions [18, 20]. Ozone can be used in various forms, including gaseous ozone, ozonated oils, and ozonated water, allowing for versatile use in various clinical settings [21, 22].

The antibacterial mechanism of ozone primarily involves the oxidation of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in bacterial cells, leading to cell lysis. Regarding bleaching ability, the oxidative reactions induced by ozone can effectively break down chromogenic compounds in teeth, resulting in a rapid and efficient bleaching effect [23].

The application of ozone in endodontics offers a promising adjunctive approach for improving disinfection and promoting healing [24]. Research has indicated that ozone can reduce bacterial counts in infected root canals, assist in the disinfection of necrotic pulp tissue, and may enhance the overall success rates of endodontic treatments. Its use is considered a complementary adjunct to traditional endodontic techniques, offering a promising alternative for improving patient outcomes and promoting faster healing [25].

A recent systematic review by Puleio et al. as highlighted that debris extrusion is a primary contributor to postoperative discomfort, particularly during non-surgical endodontic retreatments. This review investigated whether continuous rotating instruments extrude less apical debris compared to reciprocating instruments, concluding that there is no significant difference between the two techniques. This finding revealed the need for strategies that can mitigate the effects of debris extrusion and enhance healing, which is where ozone therapy may play a crucial role [26].

While some studies report positive results on pain management and improvement, others have inconclusive or conflicting results. Furthermore, many trials lack comprehensive analyses of the long-term effects and safety of ozone therapy, leading to uncertainty about its clinical application [13, 27].

This inconsistency represents a significant gap in understanding the efficacy of ozone therapy and its role in a wider range of dental treatments. Given the growing interest in ozone therapy and its potential benefits, there is an urgent need for a systematic review that critically evaluates the current evidence base.

The aim of this systematic review was to comprehensively assess the efficacy of ozone therapy in dentistry, specifically focusing on its effects on healing, pain management, and overall therapeutic outcomes. By combining data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), this study sought to provide evidence-based insights that could guide dentists in the use of ozone therapy.

 Methods

Study design

This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The review specifically targeted randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy of ozone therapy in dental applications, with a particular focus on its impact on healing outcomes and pain management. The primary research question guiding this study was: “How effective is ozone therapy in improving healing processes and managing pain in dental treatments, as evidenced by clinical trial outcomes?” This question was designed to direct the systematic search and analysis towards specific clinical outcomes associated with ozone therapy.

Search strategy

A systematic search of the literature was performed using multiple databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, for studies published in English from 2018 to 2024. The search terms employed included “Ozone therapy,” “Dentistry,” “Dental applications,” “Healing outcomes,” and “Pain management.” These terms were combined using Boolean operators (AND, OR) to ensure a comprehensive retrieval of relevant literature (Table 1).

Table 1 Search strategy in the considered databases
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Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The inclusion and exclusion criteria in this review have been described in Table 2

Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria in the study
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Data extraction

Data extraction was performed using a standardized data extraction form. This form was designed to capture essential study characteristics, such as authorship, year of publication, sample size, methodological approach, ozone therapy application, outcome measures, results, and conclusions. Any discrepancies in data extraction were resolved through discussion and consensus [28].

Quality assessment

The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) tool, which consists of 10 questions that address key aspects of study quality. These dimensions include the clarity of the research question, appropriateness of the study design, robustness of data collection methods, rigor of data analysis, and consideration of ethical issues (Table 3). For this purpose, Checklist A adapted from CASP was used to evaluate the quality of qualitative and quantitative studies. The questions were answered “yes”, “to some extent”, “no”, and the authors assigned numbers to each answer as “yes = 2”, “partially = 1”, “no = 0”. Scoring was also used to assess the quality of studies. For qualitative and systematic reviews, a total score of 20 was calculated for each article and graded as high quality (score = 20–16), moderate quality (score = 10–15), or low quality (score = 1–9). This grading system was employed to enhance methodological transparency and provide a clear framework for understanding the reliability of the evidence [29].

Table 3 CASP questions to assess the quality of included studies
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Data synthesis

Due to expected heterogeneity among studies, data synthesis was conducted qualitatively. A narrative synthesis was employed to highlight similarities and differences in study findings, considering variations in study design, outcome measures, and patient populations.

Interpretation of results

Results were interpreted within the context of existing literature, emphasizing their clinical relevance and practical implications for dental practice. The strengths and limitations of the included studies were critically discussed, and recommendations for future research were articulated, specifically addressing identified gaps in the current literature.

Reporting

The findings of this systematic review were reported in alignment with PRISMA guidelines, ensuring comprehensive and transparent presentation of the review process and outcomes (Tables 8 and 9 in Appendices 1 and 2) [30].

Results

Description of the included studies

After conducting a thorough search of the selected databases following the methods outlined in the Methods section, 11 articles were identified from a total of 302 related studies. The included studies consisted of interventional studies (RCTs). The PRISMA flow diagram is presented in Fig. 1, and the characteristics of the studies included in the review are detailed in Table 4.

Fig. 1
figure 1

PRISMA flow diagram

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Table 4 Characteristics of included studies in this review
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Quality assessment of the intended studies

This study followed the CASP tool for assessing the quality of the considered studies. The studies included in this study were interventional studies (n = 11). In general, the results of the qualitative assessment of these studies revealed that 9 studies were of high quality and 2 studies were of moderate quality (Table 5). The included studies were from Italy, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Portugal and India. Most of the studies were related to Italy.

Table 5 Quality assessment of interventional studies applied from CASP (Checklist A)
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Findings of the included studies

The studies reviewed presented strong evidence supporting the advantages of ozone therapy in several dental applications, especially in treating periodontal disease, managing dental implants, performing root canal procedures, and alleviating tooth sensitivity. Key uses of ozone in dentistry identified in these studies are outlined in Table 6. Additionally, a summary of findings from each study is provided in the following table, which includes specific metrics such as reductions in clinical attachment level (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, and early healing scores (EHS) (Table 7). This format offers a clearer understanding of the clinical effectiveness of ozone therapy. The quantitative analysis of the outcomes from these clinical trials indicates that ozone therapy positively influences various dental treatment results, particularly in promoting healing and minimizing pain. Notable decreases in clinical attachment levels, probing pocket depth, and pain scores suggest that ozone therapy may effectively complement various dental procedures, including periodontal treatment and dental implant surgery.

Table 6 Some key applications of ozone in dentistry in the included studies [42]
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Table 7 Quantitative synthesis of the outcomes in the included studies
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The evaluation of the included studies revealed significant improvements in periodontal parameters for patients receiving scaling and root planing (SRP) combined with gaseous ozone therapy compared to SRP alone. At the 3-month follow-up, there were significant reductions in CAL (p ≤ 0.0001), PPD (p ≤ 0.0001), and bleeding on probing (BOP) (p ≤ 0.0001) for the ozone therapy group [31]. Besides, in a crossover study, sites irrigated with ozonated water showed better wound healing outcomes than those irrigated with saline, with significant differences in EHS on day 1. However, no significant differences were observed on day 5, indicating that while ozone treatment may enhance early healing, its long-term effects require further investigation [43].

Moreover, a study involving patients with necrotic pulp indicated that ultrasonic and sonic activation of ozone during root canal treatment significantly decreased post-treatment pain, as evidenced by lower VAS scores in groups utilizing ozone therapy compared to the control group [33]. Besides, a split-mouth randomized controlled trial showed that Ozonline® treatment resulted in a significant reduction in bacterial counts in periodontal pockets, with the notable eradication of specific pathogens like Tannerella forsythia and Tannerella denticola [34, 44]. Furthermore, no significant differences in plaque formation or gingival inflammation were observed between groups using ozonated water mouthwash and control mouthwash, with both groups exhibiting similar increases in gingival crevice fluid volume [35].

The evaluation of the included studies also indicated that ozone therapy significantly reduced postoperative inflammation, as indicated by lower C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and lower VAS scores for pain in patients receiving ozone treatment compared to controls. The use of ozonized sunflower oil combined with tea tree oil showed no significant difference in tooth sensitivity compared to potassium nitrate and sodium fluoride, indicating comparable effectiveness in managing sensitivity post-bleaching [45, 46].

Additionally, the studies showed participants experienced less whitening sensitivity when ozone was applied after hydrogen peroxide bleaching, suggesting that ozone can mitigate discomfort associated with bleaching procedures. Additionally, ozonized oils/gels demonstrated potential as whitening agents for resin composites, showing a moderate effect on color change without significant adverse effects. Based on the studies, ozone treatment effectively reduced bacterial counts from cariogenic bacteria, but it adversely affected dentin bond strength, highlighting the need for cautious application prior to restorative procedures.

The studies demonstrated that in patients with generalized periodontitis, ozone therapy as an adjunct treatment resulted in significant improvements in clinical parameters, including reduced gingival index, periodontal attachment loss, and mobility, alongside favorable changes in subgingival flora. Overall, ozone therapy revealed promise in enhancing healing and treatment outcomes across various dental applications, although some studies indicated the necessity of further research to optimize its use and understand its long-term effects [41].

Discussion

The systematic review of clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of ozone therapy in dentistry reveals a promising adjunctive treatment modality across various dental applications. The reviewed studies collectively highlight the multifaceted benefits of ozone therapy, particularly in the management of periodontal disease, root canal treatment, dental implants, and sensitivity associated with bleaching procedures.

Ozone therapy, a treatment method using ozone gas, has attracted increasing attention in the field of dentistry due to its potential applications in improving treatment outcomes and results [33, 37, 40]. Ozone is a natural gas composed of three oxygen atoms and has potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties. In recent years, ozone therapy has been investigated for its effectiveness in various dental procedures, including periodontal treatment [47].

In dentistry, both gaseous and solution forms of ozone have been investigated for therapeutic applications [48, 49]. The unique properties of ozone enable it to act effectively against a wide range of microbial pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, making it a valuable tool in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases [50]. In the treatment of periodontal disease, ozonated water is used in irrigation during periodontal procedures to reduce bacterial load and heal inflamed tissues. Ozone therapy can also be integrated into root canal treatments [51].

The use of ozonated water in cleaning and disinfecting root canals helps to eliminate bacteria and can increase the success of root canal treatments. Additionally, ozone has been shown to promote healing at oral surgical sites and wounds, stimulate tissue regeneration, and improve overall healing outcomes [52]. For topical treatments, ozonated oils and gels can be applied to oral lesions or infected areas, providing sustained release of ozone and facilitating healing while maintaining antimicrobial efficacy [53].

The findings revealed the important role of ozone therapy as a complementary approach in periodontal treatment. The results demonstrated that when combined with conventional methods such as SRP, ozone therapy leads to significant improvements in clinical parameters, including reductions in CAL and PPD. These findings showed that ozone therapy may effectively address the inflammatory processes underlying periodontal disease, thereby enhancing healing and pain management.

As an adjunctive therapy, ozone has been investigated for its potential benefits in the management of oral diseases, particularly periodontal conditions. Periodontal disease, characterized by inflammatory destruction of tooth-supporting structures, poses significant challenges in clinical practice and requires effective interventions for pain management and healing [54]. Traditional treatments, such as SRP, have long been the cornerstone of periodontal treatment. However, the integration of ozone therapy into these conventional approaches may enhance clinical outcomes and improve patient comfort. The antimicrobial properties of ozone play a significant role in these treatment outcomes [55].

By targeting pathogenic bacteria in the subgingival environment, ozone therapy can help restore a balanced microbial flora, which is essential for periodontal health. Previous research supports the idea that the oxidative properties of ozone can disrupt bacterial cell walls, leading to a reduction in microbial burden and inflammation [56]. This is consistent with the extracted findings, where significant improvements in periodontal parameters were observed after treatment. Furthermore, the integration of ozone therapy into standard periodontal protocols may not only improve clinical outcomes but also improve patient comfort during and after the procedure [57]. Reducing inflammation and pain associated with ozone therapy can lead to a more positive patient experience and encourage compliance with treatment recommendations and aftercare [58].

Moreover, the findings from the reviewed clinical trials indicated the potential of ozone therapy to improve early outcomes in dental patients, as demonstrated by significant differences in EHS following the use of ozonated water [59]. This initial increase in healing may be attributed to the antimicrobial properties of ozone, which can effectively reduce bacterial load and create a more favorable environment for tissue regeneration [60]. However, the lack of sustained benefits in long-term healing outcomes prompts cautious interpretation of these results. While ozone therapy may provide an effective short-term solution, its long-term efficacy is not clearly established, highlighting an important gap in the current literature [61].

Recent clinical trials have showed the ability of ozone to promote early healing, particularly through the use of ozonated water during procedures such as dental surgeries and periodontal treatments [42, 47, 62]. The importance of EHS in assessing the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions emphasizes the importance of timely healing in dental patients. However, while initial results appear promising, the question of the long-term effectiveness of ozone therapy remains controversial [63].

The lack of significant differences in treatment outcomes at later follow-up points suggests that the initial benefits obtained through ozone application may diminish over time. This phenomenon raises important questions about the biological mechanisms underlying ozone therapy and its role in chronic conditions frequently encountered in dentistry [59]. It is essential to investigate whether the transient benefits observed in initial healing can translate into sustained improvements in long-term patient outcomes. Furthermore, the variability in study designs, sample sizes, and follow-up durations in the reviewed trials complicates the ability to draw definitive conclusions about the overall effectiveness of ozone therapy.

The findings also provided the potential of ozone therapy as a valuable tool in dental practice, particularly in the management of postoperative pain associated with root canal treatments. The significant reduction in VAS scores among patients receiving ozone therapy suggests that it can increase patient comfort during recovery and thus improve overall treatment outcomes [64].

Ozone has been investigated as an adjunct therapy in various dental procedures, including endodontics and restorative dentistry. Its antibacterial capabilities make it an attractive option for root canal disinfection, potentially reducing the risk of postoperative complications [65]. However, while the analgesic effects of ozone therapy are increasingly recognized, concerns have emerged regarding its impact on the mechanical properties of dental materials, particularly dentin bond strength [66]. While its antibacterial properties can effectively reduce microbial load and promote healing, the negative impact on dentin bond strength raises questions about the integrity of restorative procedures following the use of ozone. This trade-off emphasizes the necessity of a balanced and careful approach when integrating ozone therapy into clinical protocols [67].

The findings also demonstrated ozone therapy's efficacy in mitigating sensitivity associated with bleaching procedures. Participants reported less discomfort when ozone was applied following hydrogen peroxide treatments, suggesting its potential as a valuable adjunct for improving patient experience during esthetic procedures [60]. However, the comparable effectiveness of ozonized oils and gels to traditional sensitivity management agents like potassium nitrate emphasizes the need for further investigation into the optimal formulations and application protocols for achieving the best therapeutic outcomes.

Teeth whitening procedures have become increasingly common in modern dentistry, with many patients seeking brighter smiles through various bleaching techniques. However, a common side effect associated with these procedures is tooth sensitivity, which can be uncomfortable and prevent patients from pursuing or completing whitening treatments [68]. Tooth sensitivity occurs when the protective layer of tooth enamel is damaged, exposing the underlying dentin and pulp to external stimuli that result in pain or discomfort during or after bleaching [69].

Recent advances in dental treatments have led to the discovery of ozone therapy as a potential adjunct treatment to reduce sensitivity associated with tooth bleaching. Ozone, a natural molecule, has strong antimicrobial properties and is known for its ability to enhance healing and reduce inflammation [25]. In the field of dentistry, ozone therapy has been used for a variety of applications, including caries management, periodontal treatment, and even roots canal therapy. Its potential role in reducing sensitivity during and after bleaching procedures has attracted the attention of dental professionals [70].

Variation in application techniques across the studies demonstrated significant challenges in interpreting the efficacy of ozone therapy. Different ozone concentrations, delivery methods (e.g., gas versus ozonated water), and treatment durations were observed, leading to inconsistent results [71]. This variation not only complicates the establishment of standardized protocols but also raises questions about the reproducibility of results across different clinical settings. Besides, many of the evaluated studies lacked long-term follow-up data, which is critical in assessing the persistence of ozone therapy effects. Most studies reported results at relatively short intervals, leaving a gap in knowledge about the longevity of the observed benefits [72, 73].

In addition to these methodological concerns, practical challenges also arise when considering the integration of ozone therapy into routine dental practice. The cost implications of adopting ozone therapy, including the purchase of necessary equipment and staff training, may be a barrier for many dentists [74].

While ozone therapy has shown promise in terms of enhancing treatment outcomes, the economic feasibility of its implementation needs to be fully evaluated. It is essential for future studies to focus not only on clinical efficacy, but also to assess cost-effectiveness and return on investment for dental practices [75].

Additionally, practical challenges such as patient acceptance and understanding of ozone therapy need to be considered. Dentists may encounter resistance from patients who are unfamiliar with ozone therapy or are skeptical of its effectiveness. Therefore, effective communication strategies and educational initiatives are crucial to inform patients about the benefits and safety of ozone therapy, thereby creating a more receptive environment for its inclusion in dental treatment plans [76, 77].

The standardization of application techniques, long-term follow-up studies, and comprehensive cost–benefit analyses are essential steps toward establishing ozone therapy as a mainstream treatment modality in dentistry. By addressing these critical areas, the clinical relevance of ozone therapy can be increased and patients can be better served.

Strengths of the study

This systematic review included a wide range of clinical trials, providing an overview of the current state of research on ozone therapy in dentistry. This can help to understand its effectiveness and applications. By focusing on clinical trials, this study was based on evidence-based research, which can help clinicians make informed decisions about implementing ozone therapy in their practice. Furthermore, by highlighting the positive effects of ozone therapy, this study may encourage further exploration of innovative treatment approaches that could improve patient care and outcomes.

Limitations of the study

Variations in ozone application techniques, concentrations, and treatment duration across studies can make generalization of findings challenging. Furthermore, different studies may have used different criteria to assess treatment outcomes, complicating comparisons and pooling of results. In addition, factors such as patient demographics, underlying health conditions, and concomitant therapies may have influenced the results, making it difficult to isolate the effects of ozone therapy.

Conclusion

This systematic review of clinical trials on ozone therapy in dentistry revealed its effectiveness as a promising adjunctive therapy in a wide range of dental applications. The findings obtained from the evaluated studies consistently demonstrated significant improvements in clinical parameters, including reductions in CAL, PPD, and pain scores, particularly in periodontal disease management, root canal treatments, and postoperative care. Ozone therapy was found to improve early healing and reduce post-treatment discomfort, indicating its potential to improve patient outcomes. Considerable evidence from various studies has been presented demonstrating the positive effects of ozone therapy on healing and pain management. For example, combining SRP with gaseous ozone therapy resulted in significant improvements compared to standard treatment alone. Similarly, its application in root canal procedures significantly reduced post-treatment pain and inflammation, suggesting that ozone therapy could be essential for enhancing patient comfort and recovery. Despite promising results, some studies have shown limitations and the need for further research to establish long-term effects and optimize treatment protocols involving ozone therapy. While the antibacterial properties of ozone were evident, caution is warranted due to its potential impact on dentin bond strength, which requires careful consideration in restorative dentistry. Ozone therapy appears to be a valuable tool in modern dentistry, offering advances in the treatment and management of pain in a variety of modalities. Continued research into its applications and mechanisms is essential to fully understand its therapeutic potential and ensure its safe integration into clinical practice.

Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Abbreviations

PRISMA:

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

RCTs:

Randomized controlled trials

CASP:

Critical Appraisal Skills Program

SRP:

Scaling and root planning

VAS:

Visual analog scale

PFZI:

Plaque-free zone index

CRP:

C-reactive protein

WHI:

Wound Healing Index

BE:

Bleaching effect

TS:

Tooth sensitivity

µTBS:

Microtensile bond strength

CAL:

Clinical attachment level

PPD:

Probing pocket depth

EHS:

Early healing scores

SRP:

Scaling and root planning

BOP:

Bleeding on probing

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA

    Maryam Rezaeianjam

  2. Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Aynaz Khabazian & Tanaz Khabazian

  3. Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kiev, Ukraine

    Fatemeh Ghorbani

  4. Department of Dental Hygiene, John Abbott College, Montreal, Canada

    Tayebeh Abbasi

  5. Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Shima Asghari

  6. Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Fatemeh Heidari

  7. Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia

    Aida Shiri

  8. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Maziar Naderi

Authors
  1. Maryam Rezaeianjam
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  2. Aynaz Khabazian
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  9. Maziar Naderi
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Contributions

M.R., A.K., T.K., and F.G. conceived the study idea and led the conceptualization. T.A., S.A., and F.H. created the study protocol and wrote the original draft. M.N. and S.A. contributed to the data analysis/interpretation and manuscript preparation. M.R., M.N., and S.A. led the review and editing. A.S. and M.N. interpreted the results. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Maziar Naderi.

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Appendices

Appendix 1

Table 8 PRISMA_2020_Checklist
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Appendix 2

Table 9 PRISMA_2020_Abstract_Checklist
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Rezaeianjam, M., Khabazian, A., Khabazian, T. et al. Efficacy of ozone therapy in dentistry with approach of healing, pain management, and therapeutic outcomes: a systematic review of clinical trials. BMC Oral Health 25, 433 (2025). https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1186/s12903-025-05790-0

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BMC Oral Health

ISSN: 1472-6831

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